This means that it relies on the individual's own perception of their symptoms. Affiliation Beck Depression Inventory-II. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. Psychometric properties of the Spanish Beck Depression Inventory-II in a medical sample. In general, neither the unidimensional model nor the one, two and three factor models reached acceptable fit indices. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. View PDF. In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The normative sample included outpatients from various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky who were used as part of the measure development for the BDI-II. Reveals specific suicidal characteristics that require greater clinical scrutiny. Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. References. Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form as a screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe depression in medical inpatients. Read our. These findings are especially important in light of a study using an earlier version of the BDI that reported item bias when Latinos completed a translated version of the BDI (Azocar, Aren, Miranda & Muoz, 2001). The authors report that the solution differed from that reported for adults in that the first factor contained both cognitive and affective symptoms. Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. Lindsay, William R.; Skene, Danielle D. 2007-01-01. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). Norms were based on a predominantly Caucasian sample. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Its construct validity has also been tested successfully by comparing scores with other measures for depression. How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. They found no differences between Caucasians and non-Caucasians but did report significant correlations between age and BDI-II scores. 2020;10(1):108. This test opened up a new dimension for health care professionals. The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression scale of the patient health questionnaire. With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1115-1129. In effect, higher averages are observed in the general BDI-II score (average = 16.91; standard deviation = 11.62; t (881) = 7.49; p<0.01), and in the cognitive dimensions (average = 5.02; standard deviation = 4.31; t (881) = 6.33; p<0.01), somatic (average = 8.24; standard deviation = 5.35; t (881) = 5.87; p<0.01), and affective (average = 3.65; standard deviation = 3.15; t (881) = 8.17; p<0.01), with a greater effect size on the Cohen's d values (d general = .80; d cognitive = .64; d somatic = .71; d affective = .82). Despite all limitations, we note that this is the first study to demonstrate the construct validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Motta, R.W., Newman, C.L., Lombardo, K.L., & Silverman, M.A. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. The BDI has been widely used in research studies and clinical practice. 2015;27(1):68-81. doi:10.1037/pas0000026, Wang YP, Gorenstein C. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. Overview: Measure negative attitudes about the future. (2004). A PsychInfo search (6/05) for "Beck Depression Inventory" or BAI anywhere revealed that the BDI has been referenced in 9,013 peer-reviewed journal articles. Transl Psychiatry. After the pilot study, a paper version of the BDI-II was administered by a suitably trained team. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t003. (2018, February 3). Because the items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can . The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-rated scale that evaluates key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body image change, work difficulty, insomnia, fatigability, loss of . The normative sample is predominantly White (91%). Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. The BDI-II discriminates depressed from non-depressed patients (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Sprinkle et al., 1992). In order to compare the fit of the models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was also considered. Yes 0 I do not feel sad. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. Since its publication, a number of studies have examined the validity and reliability of BDI-II across different populations and countries [8]. BDI identifies overt behavioral characteristics of depression. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? Demyttenaere K, Jaspers L. Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation. Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. lack of information when it comes to applying the test to other medias. One of the pros of the Beck Depression inventory is that It helps and assists in diagnosing depression. Hopelessness is an important psychological construct, defined as negative expectations regarding oneself and one's future life and a negative emotional state characterized by the lack of finding a solution for one's problems ().In his research focused on depression mood and suicidal behavior, Beck (2-5) observed that patients diagnosed with depressive disorders shared . Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. Questionnaires and other measures are provided here solely as a courtesy to accompany our scoring code. Thus, in contrast to different authors who advocate the use of BDI-II total scores and questioned the validity of subscales [13,34], the present findings support the use of the BDI-II total score along with scores corresponding to each subscale, in agreement with Beck et al. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. for only $16.05 $11/page. 1961;4:561-571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. . 1203 Words; 5 Pages; (2001). Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Factor Analyses and Group Data. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. Eaton WW, Neufeld K, Chen LS, Cai G. A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Depression represents the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [3] with the higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries [54]. Confirmatory factor analyses with adolescent psychiatric inpatients (Osman et al., 2004) identified a 2-factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable. No, Is the Subject Area "Dominican Republic" applicable to this article? The authors suggest findings provide support for the BDI-II in this population (Al-Musawi, 2001). For example, Byrne et al. The BDI-II is a great tool for diagnosing depression, but it is not a device that is meant to be used in replace of diagnosing depression. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the latent structure of BDI-II by testing several competing models proposed in the literature; and (b) to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. (1961). Encephale, 20, 311-317. By latest estimates from the WHO, there are about 300 million people living with depression worldwide. Affective Negative Reinforcement in Addiction, Mechanisms for Intoxicated Emotion and Behavior. Multimethod validation of the Beck Depression Inventory and Grossman Cole Depression Inventory with an inpatient sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. The BDI-II is widely used and accepted as a measure of depressive symptomatology. Steer et al. Yeung, A., Howarth, S., Chan, R., Sonawalla, S., Nierenberg, A., & Fava, M. (2002). In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. The BDI has also been used with individuals with vicarious traumatization with scores on a Secondary Trauma Scale related to higher levels of depression (Motta, Newman, Lombardo, & Silverman, 2004). They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. By doing so, bifactor models represent a useful strategy to examine if a construct of interest can be viewed primarily as unidimensional or multidimensional and, subsequently, the way in which scores should be computed. Description of the Test and History III. 7. (2003). 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